If only this had been done in Srebrenica

The UN acting tough, I mean.

In Kosovo today, the AP reported, “Danish military police said they exchanged fire with protesters as they helped evacuate wounded fellow officers … The town is divided between Kosovo’s ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority, which fiercely opposed the declaration of independence and is furious over Western support for it. Machine-gun bursts could be heard until midday, although it was not clear who was firing. NATO helicopters hovered above the town”.

How did this happen? The background, according to AP: “The UN police stormed the courthouse just before dawn to arrest dozens of Serbs who had occupied the UN building since Friday to protest Kosovo’s declaration of independence from Serbia. Hundreds of Serbs surrounded the courthouse as the police tried to leave with the arrested demonstrators. Polish, Ukrainian and Bulgarian members of the U.N. force and NATO troops backing them up were pelted with rocks, Molotov cocktails and hand grenades. Some demonstrators fired guns at the international forces. Witnesses said others surrounded and attacked three UN vehicles, pulling out and freeing about 20 of the 53 protesters who had been arrested in the courthouse. The rest of the 53 were freed after questioning”. This AP report can be read in full here.

On Friday, a UN spokesperson told journalists at the regular daily noon briefing that “the Secretary-General’s Special Representative in Kosovo, Joachim Rücker, has condemned in the strongest possible terms this morning’s attack on the District Court building of the UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) in north Mitrovica. A large mob used force against UN Police to enter the building at around 8:30 a.m. Rücker said, ‘Those who turned to violence in north Mitrovica have crossed one of UNMIK’s red lines. This is completely unacceptable’. He added that he has instructed UNMIK Police to restore law and order in the north and to ensure that the court house is again under UN control. Rücker informed the Serbian Government of the unfolding events and asked them to prevent such attacks. He also said he expects that the perpetrators of today’s attack will be brought to justice, adding that UNMIK will defend its mandate throughout the whole territory of Kosovo without exception”. This was mentioned in Friday’s UN noon briefing, and the full transcript can be found here.

Here’s how the UN spokesperson presented the situation at today’s regular noon briefing at UNHQ/NY:

“This violence took place in the context of an operation by UNMIK and KFOR to re-establish control of the UNMIK court house that had been forcibly occupied by Kosovo Serb demonstrators on 14 March. The violence resulted in numerous injuries among UNMIK Police, KFOR and Kosovo Serb protestors.

The Secretary-General reaffirms that UNMIK will continue to take measures required to implement its mandate under resolution 1244 (1999). He urges all communities to exercise calm and restraint, and underlines the need for constructive dialogue in order to address the situation. The Secretary-General expects all sides to refrain from any actions or statements that could incite or provoke further violence.

Meanwhile, on the ground, the Secretary-General’s Principal Deputy Special Representative in Kosovo, Larry Rossin, also condemned today’s violence, including direct fire, by a mob at the Mitrovica Courthouse, calling it a flagrant breach of Security Council resolution 1244.

As a temporary measure, UN police from north Mitrovica are redeploying outside of the city while KFOR reasserts its control over the Courthouse.

According to UNMIK, tensions have been significantly reduced, and the overall situation is calm. Thirty-eight members of UNMIK’s police were wounded today, two seriously. The wounds were mostly from grenade fragments, although guns were also fired at UNMIK police and KFOR.

Asked why UNMIK intervened in Mitrovica, the Spokeswoman said that UNMIK undertook this action in close coordination with KFOR after due consideration and having carefully assessed the situation as it developed.

The action was a response to the illegal and forceful occupation by tens of protesters of the UNMIK courthouse in northern Mitrovica, Montas said. This occupation was a clear and direct challenge to UNMIK’s exercise of its mandate in Kosovo.

It follows other actions that have constituted a challenge to UNMIK’s mandated authority, she noted, such as the destruction of two customs facilities and attempts to seize UNMIK railway assets in northern Kosovo

Asked about the current situation at the Mitrovica courthouse, the Spokeswoman said that KFOR continued to occupy the courthouse”. These notes from today’s briefing highlights can be found here .

Serbian reaction – Final spasm or first tremor?

Well written, these phrases, from the NYTimes: “the feelings of anger, sorrow and betrayal over the loss of Kosovo cut across all segments of Serbian society. The world is waiting to see whether the riots on Thursday were the final spasm of anger in Serbia or the first tremor in a new Balkan earthquake. The deep-seated disappointment of even the most staunchly pro-Western Serbs suggests that there will be no easy reconciliation in the wake of the declaration of independence by Kosovo’s overwhelming ethnic Albanian majority … ‘If you were here on Sunday’, Ms. Petkovic told a foreign reporter over the weekend, referring to the day of Kosovo’s independence declaration a week earlier, ‘I would be spitting on America, cursing Europeans, saying, “You are stealing our territory, just because you are bigger and you can do it”.’ The depth of her sadness and anger surprised even her, she said …

“Supporters of Kosovo’s independence argue that Mr. Milosevic’s brutal subjugation of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo forsook Serbia’s moral and legal claim to rule the territory. But experts here say policy makers in Washington and Brussels may have seriously underestimated the Serbian bond to Kosovo. They say they can only hope its severing will not lead Serbia into a new era of isolation that would be destabilizing for the entire region. ‘They were probably hinging too much on these polls that Serbia would wake up the next day and say, “Let’s get on with life”,’ said Ivan Vejvoda, executive director of the Balkan Trust for Democracy, a nonprofit grant-making organization in Serbia …

“The independence of Kosovo is by far the hardest blow in the series of secessions from the former Yugoslavia that began in 1991. After years of watching the country being whittled down — in 2006 Montenegro peacefully ended its union with Serbia — there was an expectation among reform -minded Serbs that, having rid themselves of Mr. Milosevic and embraced democracy, their case would be heard differently. ‘Now we’ve been doing things the right way, and it’s still not good enough, and Serb national interests are crushed’, said Ljiljana Smajlovic, editor in chief of the prominent Serbian newspaper Politika. Ms. Smajlovic said she expected the nationalists to become more powerful as a result, leading to years of recrimination ‘deeply harmful for the democratic process’ …

“The United States failed to gain the necessary support in the Security Council for a resolution in favor of the independence of Kosovo, and the lack of United Nations endorsement is consistently cited by the Serbian government and people on the street as proof that Kosovo’s declaration of independence was illegitimate. Ms. Petkovic said she could not help noting the response of the United States to the embassy attack. ‘The first reaction of American authorities was that they will put the protest in the United Nations Security Council’, she said with a wry smile”. The full NYTimes story is here.

Is Russia upping the ante on Kosovo? Is the EU? NATO? The UN?

The Associated Press is reporting just now that ” Serbia’s minister for Kosovo, Slobodan Samardzic, crossed the border Monday to visit Serb communities in Kosovo. The top UN official in Kosovo, Joachim Ruecker, said he allowed Samardzic into Kosovo on the condition that he issue a public statement ‘making it very, very clear that he distances himself from violence and the visit is about ensuring peace and calm with the Kosovo Serbs’. Ruecker said he also insisted on meeting with Samardzic to ‘tell him what we think of some of his recent statements’ — but said later that he was not satisfied with some of the Serbian official’s answers. Samardzic said he told Ruecker that the Serbian government ‘will do everything to maintain peace in the regions of Kosovo it controls, where the Serbs live‘.” This AP story (datelined Kosovska Mitrovica, KOSOVO) is posted here.

So, the top UN official is being un-diplomatic, and the Serbs say they will continue to control areas of Kosovo that are populated by Serbs.

Is a real fight in the works?

The Russian Foreign Minister has weighed in: ” ‘We actively support Belgrade’s demand … to restore the territorial integrity of Serbia, restore the country’s sovereignty’, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said on state-run Vesti-24 television. Lavrov claimed NATO and the European Union, which plans to deploy a 1,800-member police and justice mission to Kosovo, were considering using force to keep ethnic Serbs from leaving Kosovo. ‘The question of using force to hold back Serbs who do not want to remain under Pristina’s authority … is being seriously discussed’, Lavrov said in the broadcast, without offering any evidence. ‘This will only lead to yet another “frozen conflict” and will push the prospects for stabilizing Europe — and first of all for stabilizing the Balkans — far to the side’. The EU did not immediately respond to Lavrov’s remarks. But EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana said earlier that the bloc’s mission would cover all of Kosovo, including the northern parts where Serbs are concentrated.“, the AP reported.

Nick Burns on Kosovo's Independence

It’s probably fair to say that fewer states have recognized Kosovo today, a day after its Declaration of Independence, than had been expected or hoped.  Many are probably holding off until the results of an open UN Security Council meeting that is to start today.

Today, Nick Burns took questions from journalists in various parts of the world via a State-Department-organized teleconference press briefing.

Among other things, he said that the vast majority of the members of the EU and of NATO will be recognizing Kosovo’s independence today.

His remarks are breath-taking, and are worth quoting in their near-entirety here:

———————————————————————————-

Teleconference Briefing on Kosovo
Washington, DC
February 18, 2008

Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Nick Burns

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Okay, on the record. Thanks. Hello, everyone. This is Nick Burns.

This is obviously a historic day for the people of Kosovo and, as you know, Secretary Rice has just issued her statement of congratulations, of recognition. So the United States is today formally recognizing Kosovo as a sovereign and independent state. We are also going to be establishing diplomatic relations. President Bush is sending a letter to the President of Kosovo, President Sejdiu, that we’re responding affirmatively to the proposal made by Kosovo that we do establish diplomatic relations.

I’d just make a couple of major points, then we’ll go right to questions. The first is this. This culminates a decade of U.S. policy to support the people of Kosovo and to support the idea of stability and peace and justice in Kosovo. And the Bush Administration has worked very hard over the last three years to try to prepare for this day. We were among the leaders with the European allies in trying to make sure there was a United Nations process to look into the status of Kosovo. That resulted in President Ahtisaari, Martti Ahtisaari’s report to the Secretary General of the UN a year ago. We’ve worked very hard since then to be part of the international negotiations to see if it was possible to have an agreement between Serbia and Kosovo. That was not the case. And we’ve worked closely with the European countries for today’s decision.

We have recognized Kosovo. Many other states have as well. Just in the last two hours, I’ve been on the phone with my European counterparts, and after a long meeting in Brussels of the EU foreign ministers, you’ve now seen many of the EU countries come forward to recognize Kosovo. We’ve also seen early recognitions by Turkey, and by Afghanistan, and by Australia. And we’ve seen a very strong and supportive comment by the Organization of the Islamic Conference which is meeting in Dakar in Senegal. So think a very good early start for this country.

I also wanted to say that we will be working with the government to try to help it politically as well as economically. There will be a donors conference in a couple of months time in Europe. The United States is already one of the largest donors to Kosovo. In fact, in 2008 we’ll be conveying around $335 million[1] in U.S. aid to Kosovo. That’s a sizeable amount, and we’re encouraging other countries to do as much.

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Well, first of all, we made – Andrea, we made the basic assumption over the last several years, and this is a long-term policy over two administrations, the Bush Administration and the Clinton Administration, that given what happened in the breakup of Yugoslavia, particularly in Kosovo in 1998, the attempted ethnic cleansing of more than 1 million Kosovar Albanian Muslims, the brutal war that Milosevic fought with them, and of course, the NATO intervention in 1999 and nine years of United Nations rule since then, this is an extraordinarily complex situation but it’s rather unique. So we don’t see the independence of Kosovo as some kind of precedent that would – that should encourage in any way, shape or form other groups to break away from nation-states in Europe. But we do think that this is the final death knell, if you will, of Yugoslavia. And Yugoslavia broke up over the period of 1991 all the way now to 2008, and this is the just resolution of that problem.

In terms of volatility and violence, we made the assumption over the last several years, certainly in this Administration over the last three years since we began working very intensively on the final status issue for Kosovo, that not acting and not deciding the final status of Kosovo will be much more likely to lead to violence than action. That’s an assumption we made. That’s an assumption that the European Union made. I think it underlies the report of Martti Ahtisaari, the envoy of the United Nations whose plan provides the basis for the new independent state. They will undergo a period of supervised independence now. The European Union will be introducing a civilian mission to take the place of the United Nations office that has been there for nine years. NATO is going to stay and, in fact, NATO met this morning and reaffirmed its decision to stay in Kosovo. The EU made its decision two days ago.

And so I think that we should see a period of stability. And the goal is to help this country now get on its feet, become fully independent, but to help the entire region of the Balkans be more calm and stable. As Secretary Rice said in her statement, we’re now looking for Serbia, which is obviously going to be extremely unhappy about what the international community is doing today, we’re looking for Serbia, however, to take its place in the European Union in the future and in a better relationship with NATO and as a friend of the U.S. I would just say that this is the right decision for us and it’s the right decision if the international community wants to minimize the chance of violence in the future. Had we not acted, there would have been a tremendous amount of pressure for independence. I think that probably would have encouraged the kind of violence and instability that we are now hoping to prevent.

QUESTION: And what do you say to Putin and to Russia in general?

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Well, you know, we, of course, have worked very closely with Russia for the last decade, but you have to remember that Russia left Kosovo. Russia did not stay in Kosovo along with the rest of the international community. We did stay. We kept our troops in KFOR. We had our political and economic support for Kosovo. We worked with the Russians over the last year. When Ahtisaari came out with his report in the spring of 2007, we had wanted to have an affirmative vote at the Security Council to affirm that plan and to put it into place. Russia did not agree.

So we then agreed to 130 days of negotiations where Russia, the United States and the EU each provided a diplomat, and they shuttled back and forth between Belgrade and Pristina for four months. And we tried to engineer a solution to the problem, but it was not possible. And just as the Ahtisaari plan had said, it wasn’t possible to have a solution between Belgrade and Pristina. Those negotiations, I think, prove that.

So we gave Russia every chance, both in the Security Council last spring and summer, in the negotiations which we co-sponsored with the Russians, but now we have to move ahead. And we are the countries recognizing today – the members of the EU, the United States, Turkey, countries that have played the biggest role in Kosovo. So we know we’re making the right decision. And we’ll have a disagreement with the Russians, but we’re the ones that have been on the ground and we’re the ones that have the responsibility to help Kosovo now get on its feet.

QUESTION: The Secretary said in her statement that the U.S. will work with international partners to help implement the Ahtisaari plan.

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Yes.

QUESTION: What kind of – what exactly are you going to do?

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: The Ahtisaari plan is, in essence, the basis for the statehood of Kosovo. As I said in reply to Andrea’s question, it provides for a period of supervised independence. What that means is that there will be two institutions that will be on the ground in Kosovo playing a major role trying to guide them forward and help them resolve the challenges ahead. The first is the European Union, which will have a civilian mission on the ground relatively shortly. The second is NATO, which has the KFOR mission that’s been there since June of 1999, following the prosecution of the Kosovar war. And so those two institutions will be there to help guide the new Kosovar Government.

But also very importantly, the Ahtisaari plan calls for a set of assurances for the security and safety of the Kosovar Serb population. You know, roughly 92 to 94 percent of the population are Kosovar Albanian Muslims, which also give you an idea of the overwhelming pressure for independence. But there’s a significant Serb minority community. That community has the right to stay in Kosovo, to be citizens of Kosovo, to live peacefully. You know, there’s been violence over the last – well, many, many years, over the last generation, between the major groups. And the Ahtisaari plan asks the Government of Kosovo, the new government, to put in place laws and procedures to safeguard the rights of that community. In fact, I called the President of Kosovo just about a half an hour ago to congratulate him and I’m waiting to speak to Prime Minister Thaci, and I know that they are in session right now beginning to implement – put in place some of the laws that the Ahtisaari plan calls for.

So I think all of us believe that one of the most important features of this new government will be reaching out to the Serbs, encouraging them to stay in Kosovo – those that live there – and providing them the rights and physical security to stay. That’s also the job of KFOR, of the NATO forces, to protect the Serb monasteries and churches that are a big part of Serb culture in Kosovo and have been there for, as you know, hundreds of years, and to provide physical protection should there be any kind of threats or attacks on the minority population. And we take that obligation very seriously.

So the Ahtisaari plan is the bedrock of this, and we will see – we have seen both from President Sejdiu and Prime Minister Thaci – we’ve seen and heard very strong assurances that they intend to implement that plan fully and to protect the rights of the Kosovar Serbs. And if you look at the statement of independence made yesterday by Prime Minister Thaci and the Kosovo Assembly, he spoke part of his address in Serbo-Croatian. He told the Serbs that they would be protected and that the majority population wanted them to stay. So it’s that kind of thing that we’re looking for from the new government.

QUESTION: But do you plan to maintain troops on the ground?

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: NATO has decided to maintain the presence of the KFOR troops. We have nearly 17,000 NATO troops in Kosovo. They’ve been there since June 1999, since the war ended. Among – of those 17,000, roughly 1,600 – 1,600 – are American troops.

QUESTION: Okay.

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: And we will all stay. NATO met this morning, and you’ll look for a public statement that the North Atlantic Council issued saying that we’re going to stay. But that decision was made, actually, last autumn by the NATO foreign ministers that we would stay should Kosovo status change. And it’s certainly changed today.

QUESTION: Thank you.

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: And we’ve not put a time limit, by the way, on how long NATO would stay. And the United States, of course, has reassured all the allies and the Kosovar Government that we intend to keep our troops there as long as the mission is there.

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: We see no reason that it should. We’ve worked very closely with the Russians. You remember back in 1999 when we worked with the Russians; the Russians were part of this international effort for many years until they left Kosovo several years ago. But we have worked particularly closely with Russia over the last year, as I mentioned in response to Andrea’s question. We were ready to recognize Kosovo – the United States – a year ago when the Ahtisaari plan was unveiled, but it was the express wish of Russia that we not have a Security Council decision last spring and summer to recognize Kosovo, that we first give the chance – the opportunity for additional negotiations. And we joined the Russians and the European Union in four months of negotiations. We have been in touch with the Russians, you know, on a weekly basis. We have been part of the so-called Contact Group together for many, many years – Russian and American diplomats. Secretary Rice has had innumerable conversations with Minister Lavrov. In fact, they just spoke this morning by phone – Secretary Rice, I think when she was traveling from Kenya to Tanzania. So the Russians aren’t going to be surprised by our position.

And I should also say this is the position of the great majority of the European Union countries who are recognizing today, along with significant countries in the Muslim world and in the Far East. So I think we are – we’re going to be in the vanguard of countries recognizing Kosovo. And certainly among those countries that have done the most for Kosovo, that have had their troops on the ground, that have given economic assistance, that have been involved since ’98, ’99 in preventing the ethnic cleansing of the Kosovar population, this is no surprise to the Russians that this day has come.

I would also tell you, as you already know, that the resolution that we passed in June 1999, UN Security Council Resolution 1244, it foresaw a period of time when Kosovo’s final status would have to be decided. And that resolution was very specific: It essentially required Serbia to withdraw its military, its paramilitary and its police forces from Kosovo; it suspended Belgrade’s governance over Kosovo; it placed Kosovo under UN administration. It’s been under UN administration for nine years.

So for countries to say somehow this is a shock or that this is not the correct move, correct step politically or legally, that we just fundamentally disagree with that point. So I do not expect any kind of crisis with Russia over this. We expect the Russians to be supportive of stability in the region, and I think that all of us are going to be requesting that people remain calm and that the Kosovar authorities be allowed to establish this government and to move forward.

QUESTION: Great. I just wondered how long you think NATO forces may have to stay in Kosovo. I mean, are you thinking it could be years more? And I think you said a minute ago, you expect stability there. Are you saying that you don’t expect violence now?

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Well, on the first question, we have – NATO has not put a time limit on the deployment of the KFOR force. And we’ll just – we’ll have to take this step by step. The reason for the NATO troops, of course, is to help the new state – the presence of NATO troops is to help the new state through a period of forming itself and getting on its feet, but also to protect the minority populations, specifically the Kosovar Serbs, and to help in training of a police force that can in the future take over the job of security and stability inside the borders of the country itself. So we haven’t put a time limit on it.

In terms of violence, we have specifically called on the people of Kosovo to remain calm. The NATO leaders have, the EU leaders have, the new President and Prime Minister have. And we fully expect that law and order will be maintained. The United Nations police force and the NATO military force are there to maintain law and order, and they have pledged to do so. It has been a relatively quiet first 24 hours and it’s our strong hope that that will be sustained.

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Well, first of all, there have been some small demonstrations in Belgrade. There were yesterday and again today. But we’re very grateful to the Serb police and the Serb Government for maintaining law and order, and for maintaining the security around our Embassy and those of the other European countries.

Secondly, on Serbia, we have made a major effort to reach out to the Serb Government over the last several years. And we’ve made the point to the Serbs that we understand completely that we have a disagreement with them, that they’re going to be – they’re not going to at all support the actions taken by the European Union countries, some of the Asian countries and the United States today; but that we fully expect that Serbia’s future should be in Europe and that some future association by Serbia – of Serbia with the European Union, excuse me, is necessary, that we want Serbia’s relationship with NATO to grow. We see Serbia as part of Europe, and we know that the Balkans is the last part of Europe that has not received the benefits of the end of the Cold War, economic or political.

Yugoslavia had to break up, and it did, and this is the last vestige of the former Yugoslavia – the fact that Kosovo has now become free and independent. Now, we hope the Serb people, the Kosovars, the Bosnians, the Montenegrins, the Croatians, Albanians and Macedonians, all of them can look towards a future in Europe, and that’s with the EU and NATO. And that’s our message.

Secretary Rice called President Tadic yesterday and she had, I think, a good conversation with him. They obviously did not agree on this question, but she reaffirmed the strong interest that we have in a good relationship with Serbia. And we’ll continue that in the days ahead and the weeks ahead.

Finally, I would just say in terms of NATO and the European Union, the vast majority of members of both organizations are recognizing Kosovo today and have already taken that step. Some members have not. We appreciate that they have a disagreement. I would expect that the majority of them will find their way towards recognition in a short period of time, but I don’t want to speak for them. And there may be one or two countries that decide that, for whatever, reason, maybe domestic reasons, they can’t take that step right now. We respect that difference. But I think what’s important is the great majority of countries are recognizing today.

QUESTION: You talked about helping Kosovo to get on its feet. Can you tell us what ideas you have in that respect? Because they obviously have some economic concerns in Kosovo, a lot of concerns about trafficking of people, and you clearly don’t want to see a Muslim-dominated state in Europe with such problems, especially among the young population. So you do have any ideas in that respect?

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Well, first of all, Kosovo is going to be a vastly majority Muslim state, given the fact that 92 to 94 percent of their population is Muslim. And we think it is a very positive step that this Muslim state, Muslim majority state, has been created today. It’s a stable – we think it’s going to be a stable state.

The people of Kosovo – and I’ve been there many times over the last several years – have been remarkably patient. They’ve been living for nine years not knowing what the future of their country was going to be. And with the exception of an outbreak in violence which was quite serious in March of 2004, nearly four years ago now, there has been relative peace and stability in Kosovo, and we think that should be maintained. What we need to do is reach out politically to recognize them, establish diplomatic relations. And we’re encouraging as many states as possible to do that.

And secondly, the country is going to need a lot of economic assistance. So I mentioned before that there’ll be a donors conference hosted by one of the European countries in several months. We gave – the United States extended $77 million in assistance to Kosovo last year in 2007. We’re going to put forward roughly $334 million[2] in assistance in 2008. And we specifically would like to see the involvement of the World Bank and of the other European development banks to help the people of Kosovo create a modern economy.

We certainly would like to see debt relief for Kosovo because that will be an immediate way to help them. And we would like, obviously, to see as much regional trade and investment as is possible in that region.

And so I think it’s going to be a very tall order. There are many challenges ahead. But it’s clearly the right decision, and I think the European Union will be – will bear the greatest share of responsibility, given the fact that this is a European country. But the United States, given our long involvement, is going to be one of the leaders in this effort as well.

QUESTION: Yeah, Nick, I have another question. You said that Secretary Rice called President Tadic yesterday.

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Yes.

QUESTION: Did he commit not to break the relations with U.S. after the recognition?

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: I don’t believe – I don’t believe that was discussed. You know, we have actually a very active relationship with Serbia. The United States is one of the largest – I think we’re the largest investor in Serbia. If we’re not the largest – it changes month to month – we’re the second largest. A lot of American corporate involvement.

We have a much closer relationship with Serbia, obviously, than we did in the latter part of the 1990s when we twice had to – well, the first time in Bosnia and the second in Kosovo, use force against first the Bosnian Serbs and the Serb Army. We have the beginnings of a military relationship. We have encouraged Serbia to come into a closer partnership with NATO. And so I would expect our diplomatic relationship to continue. I just talked to the Serb Ambassador Friday. He came to see me. We had a long conversation. I expect I’ll talk to him today or tomorrow. And I wouldn’t expect our diplomatic relationship to be downgraded in any way. And our Ambassador, Cameron Munter, in Belgrade has been very active over the last couple of days.

So I don’t think it came up in the conversation between Tadic and Secretary Rice, but I don’t expect a major change in that regard.

QUESTION: Yes, sir. Halil Mula with RTV-21. First of all, I would like to thank you, Ambassador Burns, for all your input and help toward Kosovo. Second would be, what do you expect from today’s meeting at the Security Council that is being called? What are they going to participate – President of Kosovo – of Serbia, I’m sorry, Tadic?

UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Well, you know, there was a meeting of the Security Council yesterday. There’ll be a second meeting today. We expect President Tadic to come. I imagine that Russia and Serbia will say that the action – the declaration of independence is illegal under international law. That’s what Russia essentially said yesterday. And of course, we fundamentally disagree with that.

And I would just – this is important for those of you writing about this aspect of it. Resolution 1244, which was passed in June ’99, is the basis of the Kosovo situation itself. It envisaged a final status process for Kosovo, but it did not determine what the outcome would be. And as I said before, it ordered the removal of the Serb Army and the Serb Government and it ordered the United Nations to take over the province, and that’s been the status of the province for the last nine years.

There is nothing in Resolution 1244 that would prevent or make illegal a declaration of independence. There is nothing in 1244 that would prevent the establishment of a new state. In fact, 1244 and its major effort essentially says there has to be a UN-led presence to decide the future status of Kosovo, and that’s what we’ve seen over the last two years with President Martti Ahtisaari, the former president of Finland, leading that. He recommended to the United Nations— the United Nations envoy, that there be – that independence come to Kosovo and that it be supervised independence. He recommended the EU go in. He recommended that NATO stay.

So what we will say today is that we have respected 1244, that we have made this decision, as have many other countries, because it’s in the best interest of the stability of Kosovo; but there’s nothing in 1244, nothing at all from a legal point of view, that would indicate that what the Kosovar Government has done is illegal or somehow contrary to 1244. So, frankly, I think the United States, the European countries, the Arab and Muslim countries that are recognizing Kosovo today stand on very solid legal ground. We have been the ones on the ground in Kosovo for the last nine years. We have been the ones who have contributed our soldiers. And I think we’re doing absolutely the right thing for stability in Kosovo and peace, which, of course, is one of the most important objectives of the United Nations.

[1] Total projected U.S. assistance to Kosovo for 2008 is $335 million.

———————————————————————————–

The transcript of this tele-conference with journalists was sent by email,

China angry with Taiwan's recognition of Kosovo

In a long and tantalizingly-titled article (“Superpower Divide over Kosovo Widens“), the Associated Press is reporting that China is angry with Taiwan’s announcment that it recognizes Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence.

Did Taiwan receive one of the 192 letters that the Kosovar leadership sent out yesterday asking for recognition?

(And if not, why did Taiwan feel obliged to make this announcment?)

The AP said that “China’s Foreign Ministry criticized Taiwan for welcoming Kosovo’s independence, saying the island’s government did not meet the criteria for recognizing other countries. ‘It is known to all that Taiwan, as a part of China, has no right and qualification at all to make the so-called recognition’, Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao said in a statement posted on the ministry’s Web site. China has good ties with Serbia and expressed ‘deep concern’ over Kosovo’s independence declaration. For Beijing, the announcement conjures up one of its greatest fears: that Taiwan could some day make a similar declaration, something China says it would meet with military force”…

This AP report is posted This here.

Russia asks for emergency UN Security Council meeting on Kosovo

Kosovo’s parliament declared independence on Sunday. The Associated Press reported from Pristinia, KOSOVO that the speaker of Kosovo’s parliament declared that “Kosovo is a republic — an independent, democratic and sovereign state” — and the announcement was greeted with a burst of applause.

This AP report said that “Sunday’s declaration was carefully orchestrated with the U.S. and key European powers …But by sidestepping the U.N. and appealing directly to the U.S. and other nations for recognition, Kosovo set up a showdown with Serbia — outraged at the imminent loss of its territory — and Russia, which warned that it would set a dangerous precedent for separatist groups worldwide … Serbia immediately denounced the declaration as illegal [and unilateral] , and Russia also rejected it, demanding an emergency meeting of the U.N. Security Council”. The AP report from Kosovo is here.

The UNSC held an emergency session behind closed doors on Sunday afternoon at Russia’s request, backed by Serbia. A more formal open meeting is apparently scheduled for Monday. AP reported that Russia’s Ambassador to the UN in NY, Vitaly Churkin, said: “We’ll insist that it should be an open meeting, and we expect that the president of Serbia will participate”. AP also reported that Churkin said: “We’ll strongly warn against any attempts at repressive measures, should Serbs in Kosovo decide not to comply with this unilateral proclamation of independence.” In Sunday’s private meeting, Churkin apparently argued that “the declaration of independence from Serbia made earlier Sunday violates the council’s orders and other UN rules”.

UPDATE: The BBC and other news sources reported Monday that Russia is trying to get the Kosovo Declaration of Independence annulled.

An AP report from Moscow says that “The Foreign Ministry said Russia supports Serbia’s ‘just demands to restore the country’s territorial integrity’ and wants the Security Council to renew efforts to reach a settlement on the issue of Kosovo’s status. Kosovo’s independence declaration violates Serbia’s sovereignty and the U.N. Charter and threatens “the escalation of tension and ethnic violence in the region, a new conflict in the Balkans,” the ministry said in a statement. It warned other nations against ‘supporting separatism’ by recognizing Kosovo. Kosovo has formally remained a part of Serbia even though it has been administered by the UN and NATO since 1999, when NATO airstrikes ended former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic’s crackdown on ethnic Albanian separatists. Russia has stressed its opposition to any decision on Kosovo’s status that is not accepted by Serbia. It has warned that recognition of Kosovo by the United States and other nations would encourage separatists in the former Soviet Union, across Europe and around the world”. The AP report from Moscow is here.

French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner, on a visit to Israel, said at a press conference in Jerusalem that he wished the Kosovars “good luck”. He said in remarks broadcast on Kol Israel that he was not sure what positions would be taken tomorrow in Brussels, but added with what sounded like a Gallic shrug that UN-led negotiations on Kosovo hadn’t made much progress, and there wasn’t much other choice but to support its independence. Kouchner was one of the first UN commissars of Kosovo.

The Israeli Hebrew-Language newspaper Ma’ariv said, in an editorial, that, “Today, Kosovo will declare independence, against the will of the parent state, Serbia,” and adds that, “The coerced solution is causing concern in Israel and in other states, such as Cyprus and Russia.” The editors assert that, “Kosovo’s declaration of independence is a violation of international law“, and suggest that the US is supporting it, “Because it is simply sick and tired of dealing with these problematic Balkans.” [This summary was supplied by the Israeli Government Press Office.]

The Israeli Foreign Ministry issued a statement Sunday night saying, intriguingly: “Regarding Kosovo’s declaration of independence, Israel is monitoring developments and will formulate its position in due course”.

The implications for Israel are obvious, as it is now negotiating something related to the creation of a Palestinian State, though in the past it warned PLO leader Yasser Arafat not to make a unilateral declaration, as he threatened to do (particularly in 1999 and 2000 –months before the outbreak of the Second Intifada).

UPDATE: The next day (Monday 18 February), the Israeli Hebrew-language newspaper Ma’ariv said in another editorial that “Israeli support for a unilateral declaration of independence is liable to weaken Israel’s position against a similar declaration by the Palestinians.” According to a summary provided by the Israeli Government Press Office, “Ma’ariv editors suggest that Israel will, in the end, recognize Kosovo’s independence but only after many other countries, especially the U.S., have done so”.

Prime Minister Hashim Thaci (a former leader of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) which fought Serbian troops in a separatist war in 1998-99), President Fatmir Sejdiu, and Parliament speaker Jakup Krasniqi signed the declaration of independence, AP reported from Kosovo, and a new flag was unveiled –not the red and black flag of the KLA , which demonstrators waved in celebration in the streets today, but a very new one, which drew heavily on the European Community’s blue background flag, with a golden yellow image of Kosovo, and with just six white stars — apparently one for each of its main ethnic groups.

Kosovo flag from commons area of Wikipedia

Thaci, according to the AP report from Pristina, pledged that the new nation of Kosovo “would be ‘a democratic, multi-ethnic state’ … and added that ‘Kosovo will never be ruled by Belgrade again’ … Thaci on Sunday signed 192 separate letters to nations around the world — including Serbia — asking them to recognize Kosovo as a state”.

The AP report added that “Serbian President Boris Tadic rejected the independence bid immediately, declaring Sunday’s proclamation ‘unilateral and illegal’ … Serbia’s government minister for Kosovo, Slobodan Samardzic, said Sunday that Serbia would increase its presence in the roughly 15 percent of Kosovo that is Serb-controlled … Serbia’s government ruled out any military response as part of its secret ‘action plan’ drafted earlier this week as a response, but warned that it would downgrade relations with any foreign government that recognizes Kosovo’s independence”. Again, the AP report from Pristina is posted here.

U.S. now appears to openly back Kosovo's independence

U.S. Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice told journalists at a pre-holiday press conference in Washington on Friday 21 December that “the fact is that Kosovo and Serbia are never going to be a part of the same state again. I think that’s quite clear.”

What could be clearer?

After months and years of following a talks-based process, the U.S. appears now to have come to the conclusion that there needs to be a quick resolution.

The “Troika effort”, Rice said at the news conference “was a very good faith effort and frankly, produced more than many of us thought it might because it got the parties talking to each other one last time. But that effort is at an end“.

Rice had been asked by a journalist: “The Kosovo talks seemed to not go terribly well the last round and I’m wondering if you would advise the Kosovars to put off any independence move until the diplomatic situation can be resolved a bit?”

Rice’s answer was a clear NO. She said that “over the next several weeks, it’s going to be important to take decisions because not taking decisions about the status of Kosovo is not — it will not be stabilizing for the Balkans. It’ll be destabilizing for the Balkans. And so we’re working with — very closely with our European allies. They are having a series of discussions within the European Union about a way forward. They’re also — we’re all trying to reach out to the Kosovars to make certain that they are attentive to the responsibilities that they would get from the Ahtisaari plan. And we’re reaching out to the Serbs to make sure that they understand that there is a European perspective for them”.

But will the Serbs, and the Russians — and even the Cypriot Government, which is now part of the European Union — accept the carrot of “a European perspective” for Serbia? What was all this fighting about, if it could now end so easily?

But Rice seems convinced. Breaking through the usual diplomatic obfuscation, Rice even said, amazingly, that Kosovo’s independence was the “logic” of UN Security Council Resolution 1244: “The fact is that Kosovo and Serbia are never going to be a part of the same state again … It was the logic, really, even of 1244 that the special status accorded Kosovo as a result of the war. And the important thing is for these two peoples to get on with their futures. But we will be consulting very closely with the Europeans. We’ll be working through it. We’ll be talking to the Kosovars. We’ll be talking to the Serbs. And we will talk to all parties and this includes the Russians, because it is really incumbent on all of us to make sure that we take actions in the Balkans that are stabilizing, that allow us to bring to an end the tragic chapters and the tragic circumstances of the Baltic — of the Balkan states so that the European construction can finally be completed some 17 years after the end of the Cold War“.

December 10 deadline has come and gone — what will Kosovo do?

Speculation is rife. Kosovans will wait until elections in Serbia, so as not to help elect extreme Serbian nationalists. Kosovo’s aspirations for independence will aggravate Russia’s relations with the Europeans. And on and on…

Here is one comment from Belgrade, sent to an email list today:

“Kosovo Albanians … support [only] independence, while Serbia’s solution is full autonomy (such as Aland Islands or Hong Kong). Cyprus is not the only EU country to support Serbia. Slovakia, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Spain and many other countries support Serbia. Kosovo is UN controlled territory now, but they are probably going to declare independence in a few weeks, which will not be recognized by Serbia, nor by many other countries. Hovewer USA supports independence. Serbian leaders are negotiating with EU and UN, which both support democratic negotions. Time will tell…”

After a number of queries and commentary on the email list, this correspondent from Belgrade later posted a couple of clarifications on Serbia’s preferred solution:  “Kosovo’s full autonomy [which Serbia wants] means that they [Kosovars] will have their own parliament, economy etc., but they will remain technically in Serbia (which means that they will not have their own military, for example).  It is very similar status as independence, but they [Serbians] want Kosovo to remain in Serbia, because it remained for almost 100 [sic — I think he or she means 1000] years, and Serbs lived in Kosovo for about 800 years… but now, less then 5% of Kosovars are Serbs. Other Serbian Kosovars immigrated to other parts of Serbia”.

However, Reuters reported from Brussels this week that “All but one of the European Union’s 27 member states are ready to accept independence for the breakaway Serbian province of Kosovo without a U.N. resolution, Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt said on Monday. ‘There is virtual unity on Kosovo’, Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt told reporters ahead of talks in Brussels after a December 10 date deadline set by Western powers for international mediation efforts expired … Luxembourg Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn said Cyprus was alone in having ‘an enormous problem’ in backing Kosovo independence”. This Reuters report is published here.

A Bulgarian paper is reporting that “On December 10 Kosovo’s prime minister Agim Çeku called upon the EU to recognise the necessity of an immediate and lasting ending of the process of clarification of Kosovo’s final statute, Associated Press reported … The Kosovar prime minister once again assured Europe of Kosovo’s commitment to multi-ethnicity, democracy, international supervision of its independence, international partnership and a European future. The agency said that Kosovo’s ethnic Albanian leadership was expected to proclaim independence at the beginning of 2008. ‘I think Serbia has a choice – to walk towards the future with us or to walk back to the past alone. I hope they will make the right choice’, Çeku said … [But] The recognition of Kosovo’s independence would provoke a chain reaction and would have its consequences on the Balkans as well as on other regions, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said on December 10, after talks with Cyprus president Tassos Papadopoulos in Nicosia, ITAR-TASS reported. avrov warned that if Russia’s partners recognised a unilaterally proclaimed Kosovo independence, they would violate international law…” The Bulgarian newspaper report is published here.

And, The Daily telegraph reported that “Swedish Foreign Minsiter Carl Bildt, who was heavily involved as a mediator in the Balkan struggles of the 1990s, said that despite the EU reaching a ‘virtual unity’ on the independence question the job of launching Kosovo as a viable state would be long and difficult. ‘We would need … to help and assist Kosovo for a long period of time’, he said. The real problems are ahead of us…We need to tackle massive problems of unemployment, significant problems of corruption, a significant problem of despair among people who don’t think they have any future.” The Daily Telegraph article is posted here.

The Daily Telegraph also reports that former British military commander in the UN peacekeeping mission in the former Yugoslavia, Sir Michael Rose, is expressing grave concern that if Kosovo does go ahead and proclaim independence, British troops could eventually be called into action…

Kosovo is the world's first UN state – at least for a few more weeks

The UN operation in Kosovo — at least for another couple of weeks — is “the most extensive U.N. operation in history, one that wore out its welcome long ago”.

But, on 10 December, Kosovans say, they may declare independence, unless a better solution is found in the meantime, which is unlikely.

What will happen to the UN peacekeeping mission then?

The Washington Post recently published an account written by Maciej Zaremba, the correspondent of the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter, in which the author shows that the Kosovans may be very ready for the UN to leave. Zaremba refers to Kosovo as “UNMIKstan” (as many now refer to Gaza as “HAMASstan”).

Here are some excerpts:

“… The UN mission in Kosovo began in 1999, after NATO swept in with a 78-day bombing campaign that halted Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic’s bloody expulsion of ethnic Albanians, who make up 90 percent of Kosovo’s population. Eight years later, Kosovo remains a U.N. protectorate, but internationals do more than enforce the peace. They train the police force, write school curricula and collect taxes. They even design traffic patterns for one-way city streets. Kosovo is the world’s first UN state, created in the wake of a military campaign that saved tens of thousands of lives, where corrupt reconstruction efforts have turned the survivors’ gratitude into resentment … Only 30 percent of Kosovars have faith in the United Nations, according to a UN bulletin in fall 2006 — half the number that believed in the international administration four years ago. Fifty percent of the population is prepared to participate in organized protests against the world community, UN reports say … Meanwhile, half of Kosovo’s population is out of work … As long as Kosovo remains a UN protectorate, a non-country, outside business investments will never come … Kosovo’s Albanians have vowed to declare independence if no agreement is reached by a Dec. 10 UN deadline …”

The story on the UN MIssion in Kosovo is here.

A fuller version is found, in English, on another website here.

In it, Zaremba wrote: “I have spent months studying what went wrong with this mission only to find that there was a faster way: Chose a head of a local municipality in Sweden or in Scotland, show her this UN-state, the rules, the hierarchies, the salary lists, the managers, everything – and then ask her if she could run Nykoping [a place in Sweden] that way. ‘Unthinkable’, she will answer, ‘unless you want to invite a band of hooligans to take over town’ … It is hard to make a past performance evaluation of UN missions because they are so volatile. The international community has a gigantic body but a memory shorter than Vansjo’s fishing club. Responsible persons are continuously replaced, reports are forgotten, you keep looking to the future with last year already long forgotten history.”

In Kosovo, however, there is a record.
Continue reading Kosovo is the world's first UN state – at least for a few more weeks